1. Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction:
Sexual: Two parents, gametes fuse, offspring genetically different, slow.
Asexual: One parent, no gamete fusion, offspring genetically identical (clones), fast.
2. Self-Pollination vs Cross-Pollination:
Self: Pollen from same flower, genetically same offspring, no pollinators needed.
Cross: Pollen from different flower, genetic variation, needs pollinators (wind, insects).
3. Unisexual vs Bisexual Flowers:
Unisexual: Either male OR female parts (e.g., papaya, watermelon).
Bisexual: Both male AND female parts (e.g., hibiscus, rose).
4. Why is variation important? Variation helps species
survive changing environments. In sexual reproduction, mixing of genes creates diversity, some individuals
may survive new diseases or conditions.
5. Why are testes located outside body cavity? Sperm
production (spermatogenesis) requires lower temperature (2-3°C below body temp). Scrotum holds testes
outside to maintain cooler temperature.
6. Why does menstruation occur? If fertilization doesn't
occur, the thickened uterine lining (endometrium) is not needed. It breaks down and is shed along with blood
through the vagina.
7. Advantage of seeds over spores: Seeds have stored food,
embryo is protected by seed coat. Spores are single-celled, vulnerable, need moisture. Seeds can survive
harsh conditions.
8. Why is Copper-T effective? It is placed in the uterus.
Copper ions released are toxic to sperm. It also changes uterine lining, preventing implantation.
9. Flower Diagram: Sepals (outermost), Petals, Stamen
(anther + filament), Pistil (stigma + style + ovary with ovules).
10. Male Reproductive System: Testes → Epididymis → Vas
deferens → Prostate/Seminal vesicle → Urethra → Penis.
11. Female Reproductive System: Ovary → Fallopian tube
(oviduct) → Uterus → Cervix → Vagina.
