1. Binary Fission: Parent cell divides into two equal
daughter cells. Example: Amoeba (any plane), Leishmania (longitudinal).
2. Multiple Fission: Parent cell divides into many daughter
cells at once. Example: Plasmodium (malaria parasite) forms multiple spores.
3. Budding: A small outgrowth (bud) forms on parent,
develops, and detaches. Example: Hydra, Yeast.
4. Regeneration: Ability to grow complete organism from body
parts. Example: Planaria (cut pieces regenerate).
5. Fragmentation: Body breaks into fragments, each grows
into new organism. Example: Spirogyra.
6. Spore Formation: Spores released by sporangia germinate
in favorable conditions. Example: Rhizopus (bread mould).
7. Parts of Flower: Sepals (protect bud), Petals (attract
pollinators), Stamen (male: anther + filament), Pistil (female: stigma + style + ovary).
8. Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
Self-pollination (same flower) or Cross-pollination (different flower).
9. Fertilization: Pollen tube grows down style, male gamete
fuses with egg in ovule to form Zygote. Zygote → Embryo → Seed.
10. Seed vs Fruit: Ovule → Seed (contains embryo). Ovary →
Fruit (protects seeds, aids dispersal).
11. Male Reproductive System: Testes (produce sperm), Vas
deferens (sperm duct), Prostate & Seminal vesicles (add fluids), Urethra (passage for semen).
12. Female Reproductive System: Ovaries (produce eggs),
Fallopian tubes (site of fertilization), Uterus (embryo implants), Vagina (birth canal).
13. Menstrual Cycle: ~28 days. Uterine lining thickens, egg
released (ovulation ~day 14). If no fertilization, lining sheds (menstruation).
14. Fertilization & Implantation: Sperm + Egg = Zygote in
Fallopian tube. Zygote divides, becomes embryo, implants in uterus wall.
15. Role of Placenta: Glucose, O₂, nutrients from mother's
blood to foetus. CO₂, waste from foetus to mother. Connected by umbilical cord.
