1. Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy →
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. It takes place in chloroplasts of leaves.
2. Role of Stomata: Exchange of gases (CO₂ in, O₂ out).
Regulated by guard cells for transpiration control.
3. Function of Chlorophyll: Absorbs sunlight (mainly red and
blue light), converting light energy to chemical energy for photosynthesis.
4. Mouth: Salivary amylase converts starch → Maltose.
Chewing breaks food mechanically.
5. Stomach: Pepsin converts proteins → Peptides. HCl
provides acidic pH (1.5-2) and kills germs.
6. Small Intestine: Final digestion with pancreatic juice
(trypsin, lipase, amylase) and bile. Absorption via villi.
7. Function of Villi: Increase surface area for absorption.
Have thin walls and rich blood supply for efficient absorption.
8. Role of Bile: Emulsifies (breaks down) fats into smaller
droplets for easier digestion by lipase. It is not an enzyme but a secretion of liver.
9. Aerobic Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 38
ATP. Occurs in mitochondria.
10. Anaerobic (Yeast): C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ + 2 ATP
(Fermentation).
11. Anaerobic (Muscle): Glucose → Lactic Acid + 2 ATP.
Causes muscle cramps during vigorous exercise.
12. Role of Alveoli: Site of gas exchange. Thin walls, large
surface area, and rich capillary supply for diffusion of O₂ and CO₂.
13. Double Circulation: Blood passes through heart twice in
one complete circuit. Pulmonary (Heart → Lungs → Heart) and Systemic (Heart → Body → Heart).
14. Components of Blood: RBC (carry O₂), WBC (fight
infection), Platelets (clotting), Plasma (transport nutrients, waste).
15. Arteries vs Veins: Arteries: thick walls, no valves,
carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery). Veins: thin walls, have valves, carry deoxygenated blood
(except pulmonary vein).
16. Nephron Functions: Glomerulus (filtration), Tubule
(reabsorption of glucose, water, salts), Collecting duct (urine collection).
17. Dialysis: Artificial removal of waste when kidneys fail.
Blood is passed through a machine with a semipermeable membrane to filter urea.
