1. Complete Combustion of Methane:
$CH_4 + 2O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O + Heat$
Blue flame, no soot.
2. Combustion of Ethanol:
$C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 \rightarrow 2CO_2 + 3H_2O + Heat$
3. Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a clean blue flame. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons burn with a sooty yellow flame (due to incomplete combustion).
4. Hydrogenation of Ethene (Vegetable Oil to Ghee):
$CH_2=CH_2 + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni/Pd} CH_3-CH_3$
Unsaturated oil + Hydrogen → Saturated fat (Vanaspati Ghee).
5. Hydrogenation of Ethyne:
$CH \equiv CH + 2H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni} CH_3-CH_3$
6. Chlorination of Methane:
$CH_4 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{Sunlight} CH_3Cl + HCl$
Further: $CH_3Cl \rightarrow CH_2Cl_2 \rightarrow CHCl_3 \rightarrow CCl_4$
7. Oxidation of Ethanol to Ethanoic Acid:
$C_2H_5OH + 2[O] \xrightarrow{Alk. KMnO_4 \text{ or Acidified } K_2Cr_2O_7} CH_3COOH +
H_2O$
8. Oxidising agents: Alkaline Potassium Permanganate ($KMnO_4$) or Acidified
Potassium Dichromate ($K_2Cr_2O_7$).
9. Esterification: Reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic
acid in presence of conc. $H_2SO_4$ (catalyst) to form an Ester.
$CH_3COOH + C_2H_5OH \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4} CH_3COOC_2H_5 + H_2O$
Ester: Ethyl Ethanoate (fruity smell).
10. Saponification: Alkaline Hydrolysis of an Ester (or
fat/oil) to form Soap and Glycerol.
$Fat/Oil + NaOH \rightarrow Soap + Glycerol$
11. Reaction with Sodium:
$2C_2H_5OH + 2Na \rightarrow 2C_2H_5ONa + H_2$
Sodium Ethoxide + Hydrogen gas evolved.
12. Dehydration of Ethanol:
$C_2H_5OH \xrightarrow{Conc. H_2SO_4, 443K} C_2H_4 + H_2O$
Ethene is formed.
13. With Sodium Carbonate:
$2CH_3COOH + Na_2CO_3 \rightarrow 2CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO_2$
Brisk effervescence.
14. With Sodium Bicarbonate:
$CH_3COOH + NaHCO_3 \rightarrow CH_3COONa + H_2O + CO_2$
15. With NaOH (Neutralisation):
$CH_3COOH + NaOH \rightarrow CH_3COONa + H_2O$
