1.
(d) It granted voting rights to all men and women.
Note: The Code actually limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of minors.
2.
(a) I-B, II-D, III-A, IV-C
Jyotiba Phule - Ghulamgiri; Rashsundari Debi - Amar Jiban; Kashibaba - Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal; Tilak - Kesari.
3.
(b) II, I, III, IV is incorrect. Correct order is II, III, IV, I.
II. Gandhi returned (1915); III. Salt March (1930); IV. 2nd Round Table Conf (1931); I. Poona Pact (1932).
Correct Option: (None of the standard options perfectly match standard timeline, but usually C or similar logic applies. Let's assume standard sequence: Return -> Salt -> RTC -> Poona). Wait, Salt March (1930), RTC (1931), Poona (1932). So II, III, IV, I is correct sequence. Option (a) is II, III, IV, I. Answer: (a)
4.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
5.
The main aim was to undo the changes brought about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars and to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon to create a new conservative order in Europe.
6.
1. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes (customs duties raised, income tax introduced).
2. Prices increased doubling between 1913 and 1918 leading to extreme hardship for the common people.
3. Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
7.
Peasants of Awadh:
- Led by Baba Ramchandra.
- Movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and other cesses.
- Peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords (nai-dhobi bandhs).
- Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up in 1920.
OR (Folklore):
- Nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and toured villages to gather folk songs.
- Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths.
- Natesa Sastri in Madras published 'The Folklore of Southern India'.
- Preserving folklore was seen as essential to discover national identity and restore a sense of pride in one's past.
8.
(8.1) Louise-Sebastien Mercier.
(8.2) Printed books popularised the ideas of enlightenment thinkers who criticized the authority of the Church. It encouraged people to think rationally.
(8.3) Print created a public sphere where people could discuss and debate ideas. Even those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and circulate their ideas, leading to a re-evaluation of old values.
9.
(A) Amritsar (Punjab)
(B) Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
11.
(b) SAIL (Steel Authority of India Ltd.)
13.
(d) Wind Energy (It is non-conventional).
15.
1. Rainwater Harvesting.
2. Efficient irrigation methods like drip irrigation and sprinklers.
3. Recycling and reusing water in industries. (Any two)
16.
1. It helps in modernizing agriculture.
2. It reduces heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
3. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, bringing in foreign exchange.
17.
(17.1) Commercial energy: coal, petroleum, electricity (usually have a market price). Non-commercial: firewood, dried dung (often collected free in rural areas).
(17.2) It provides a substantial part of the nation's energy needs, used for power generation and supplying energy to industry/domestic needs.
(17.3) India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass. For example, India is referred to as a "wind super power" and has huge potential for solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
18.
Pipelines:
- Used to transport water, crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas.
- Initial cost is high but running cost is minimal.
- Rules out trans-shipment losses and delays.
- Can be laid through difficult terrain.
OR (Roadways vs Railways):
- Construction cost of roads is lower than railway lines.
- Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
- Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes.
- Road transport is economical for few persons and small amount of goods over short distances.
- It provides door-to-door service.
- It acts as a feeder to other modes of transport (links railway stations, air and sea ports).
19.
(Map Work)
(a) Tehri Dam: Uttarakhand
(b) Bengaluru: Karnataka
(c) Haldia: West Bengal
21.
(b) USA (Others are Holding Together).
22.
(d) the idea of political inequality. (Democracies are based on political equality).
24.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
25.
1. They highlight regional issues and demands.
2. They provide diversity to the parliament/assemblies.
3. In the era of coalition politics, they play a crucial role in forming the central government, strengthening federalism.
26.
- Accountable: Government answers to citizens; citizens have the right to information.
- Responsive: Government responds to the needs and expectations of citizens.
- Legitimate: It is elected by the people and enjoys their confidence.
27.
Political Party: A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government.
Functions:
1. Contest elections.
2. Put forward policies and programmes.
3. Make laws.
4. Form and run government.
5. Shape public opinion.
OR (Party System):
- Party system evolves over a long time depending on the nature of society, social and regional divisions, and history of politics.
- India has a multi-party system due to its vast social and geographical diversity which cannot be absorbed by 1 or 2 parties.
- USA/UK have two-party systems suited to their history.
- Therefore, no system is ideal for all; it depends on local conditions.
28.
(28.1) A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
(28.2) Local Self-Government (Panchayats and Municipalities).
(28.3) It gave constitutional status to local government bodies, mandated regular elections, reserved seats for SCs/STs/OBCs and women (1/3rd), and formed State Election Commissions.
31.
(d) all the above (As per HDR).
32.
(b) Rural households (specifically those whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work).
33.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Globalization has not benefited everyone uniformly. While well-off consumers and skilled workers benefited, many small producers and workers faced job insecurity and losses.
34.
Sustainability ensures that development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is essential to prevent resource depletion and environmental degradation (e.g., groundwater, crude oil).
35.
1. High interest rates of informal sources mean borrowers spend most earnings on repayment, leaving little for development.
2. Cheap credit encourages people to invest in agriculture, business, or set up small scale industries.
3. It saves people from the debt trap of moneylenders.
36.
Organized: Registered by govt, follows rules (Factories Act), job security, paid holidays, provident fund, fixed working hours.
Unorganized: Outside govt control, rules not followed, no job security, low wages, no paid leaves, no medical benefits.
37.
(37.1) To attract foreign investment (FDI) in India.
(37.2) World class electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities. (Any one)
(37.3) Companies can hire workers for short periods when there is intense pressure of work instead of hiring on a regular basis. This reduces the cost of labour for the company.
38.
ICT Role:
- Communication: Instant contact worldwide via internet, email, voice-mail.
- Services: Call centers in India serve companies in US/UK due to cheap telecom and English speaking youth.
- Management: Orders placed in London, designed on computer in Delhi, printed in China, shipped globally. All monitored via internet.
OR (Impact of Globalization):
- Positive: Consumers get more choice and lower prices. MNCs bring investment and new technology. Top Indian companies became MNCs (Tata Motors, Infosys).
- Negative: Small producers (batteries, toys) hit hard by competition, leading to closures. Workers face 'flexible' employment (job insecurity). Benefits not shared equally.